Treatment options for schizophrenia
After a thorough assessment of the patient, those experiencing a first episode of psychosis should be offered oral antipsychotic medication in conjunction with psychological interventions e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and family intervention (NICE Clinical Guideline CG1781). Subsequent episodes following remission should be treated similarly. Do not start antipsychotic medication for a first presentation of sustained psychotic symptoms in primary care unless it is done in consultation with a consultant psychiatrist.
Daily care is generally delivered by a community mental health team (CMHT) which can include:2
- Social workers
- Occupational therapists
- Counsellors and psychotherapists
- Community mental health nurses
- Pharmacists
- Psychologists and psychiatrists
Routinely monitor for other coexisting mental health problems, including depression and anxiety, and substance misuse, particularly in the early phases of treatment.1
Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics are usually recommended as the initial treatment for the symptoms of an acute schizophrenic episode, and for subsequent episodes. They work by blocking either the effect of dopamine in the brain or dopamine and serotonin in the brain.
Antipsychotics can usually reduce feelings of anxiety or aggression within a few hours of use but it may take several days or weeks to reduce other symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusional thoughts.
The two main types of antipsychotics are typical and atypical:
Typical antipsychotics3
Typical antipsychotics are serotonin-dopamine antagonists and are generally associated with more extrapyramidal side effects than atypical antipsychotics. They are the first generation of antipsychotics developed in the 1950s.
These include:3
- Chlorpromazine
- Haloperidol
- Pimozide
- Trifluoperazine
- Sulpiride
Atypical antipsychotics3
Atypical antipsychotics are dopamine partial agonists and are generally associated with fewer extrapyramidal side effects than typical antipsychotics, but with more metabolic side effects. They are the second-generation antipsychotics developed in the 1980s.
These include:3
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Quetiapine
- Clozapine
- Aripiprazole
- Amisulpride
There is no consensus on whether typical antipsychotics are more effective than atypical antipsychotics, particularly on negative symptoms, although clozapine shows distinct efficacy above other antipsychotics in the treatment of treatment resistant schizophrenia.4 However, the side-effect profiles can be different, so HCPs should take this into account when deciding on the appropriate antipsychotic to prescribe.
Side effects of antipsychotics
Every antipsychotic is likely to have side effects and these may affect the choice of drug prescribed to the patient. The patient should be given information on the antipsychotics and the potential benefits and side effects of each drug should be discussed with them. Side effects may include:1
- Metabolic (including weight gain and diabetes)
- Extrapyramidal (including akathisia, dyskinesia and dystonia)
- Cardiovascular (including prolonging the QT interval)
- Hormonal (including increasing plasma prolactin)
- Other (including unpleasant subjective experiences)
Refer to the relevant summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs) to see the side effects associated with specific antipsychotics.
Therefore, before starting a patient on antipsychotic medication, the following health check should be made, with regular monitoring thereafter:1
- Weight
- Waist circumference
- Pulse and blood pressure
- Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood lipid profile and prolactin levels
- Assessment of any movement disorders
- Assessment of nutritional status, diet and level of physical activity
- ECG – if the patient has a history of cardiovascular disease is being admitted as an inpatient
Psychological therapy
Psychological therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking-based treatment which can help patients to focus on their current challenges rather than on their past experiences. It aims to improve their state of mind by teaching them to spot the links between their thoughts, actions and feelings.5
To learn more about cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) click here
Non-response to therapy – Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS)
NICE recommends clozapine to people with schizophrenia whose illness has not responded adequately to treatment despite the sequential use of adequate doses of at least 2 different antipsychotic drugs. At least 1 of the drugs should be a non-clozapine second-generation antipsychotic.1 These patients have what is termed 'treatment resistant schizophrenia' or TRS.
Find out more about TRS and how it can be treated and managed in the TRS and Clozaril® section.
Assessing response to treatment to identify patients with TRS
Although organisations such as NICE do not make recommendations on defining treatment response with antipsychotics, the following criteria have been widely cited in clinical trials:
- At least 20% improvement in global symptoms score such as that of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)6-8
- At least 30% reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score by week 8 of treatment9
